Vaginitis
Vaginitis is an inflammation or infection of the vagina that can result in discomfort, discharge, itching, and pain. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, changes in the balance of vaginal bacteria, or irritants. The most common types of vaginitis include bacterial vaginosis (BV), yeast infections (candidiasis), and trichomoniasis, though irritant-related vaginitis can also occur.
Key Features of Vaginitis-Common Symptoms
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Inflammation of the Vagina: Vaginitis affects the vaginal lining and can cause a range of symptoms, often depending on the underlying cause.
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Disruption of Normal Vaginal Flora: The vagina maintains a balance of healthy bacteria, primarily Lactobacilli, which help keep the vaginal environment slightly acidic. Disruption of this balance can lead to infections or inflammation.
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Symptoms of vaginitis can vary based on the cause but typically include:
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Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: The colour, consistency, and smell of discharge may change, depending on the type of infection.
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Bacterial Vaginosis: Thin, watery discharge with a fishy odour.
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Yeast Infection: Thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge.
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Trichomoniasis: Frothy, yellow-green discharge.
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Vaginal Itching or Irritation: Often a primary symptom, especially with yeast infections.
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Burning Sensation: Particularly when urinating.
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Painful Intercourse: Vaginal dryness or inflammation can make sex uncomfortable.
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Redness or Swelling: Irritation of the vulva and surrounding areas.
​Causes and Risk Factors-Diagnosis
Vaginitis can occur for several reasons, and different types have different causes:
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Bacterial Imbalance: Disruption of the normal vaginal bacteria can lead to infections like BV.
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Antibiotics: The use of antibiotics can kill beneficial bacteria, allowing yeast to overgrow and cause a yeast infection.
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Sexual Activity: Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection, and sexual activity can also contribute to changes in vaginal flora that lead to BV.
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Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, menopause, or hormonal contraception can change the vaginal environment, making it more susceptible to infections.
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Douching or Use of Irritants: Products like scented soaps, douches, or bubble baths can irritate the vaginal lining and disrupt the natural pH balance.
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Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV, diabetes, or stress can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infections like candidiasis.
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To diagnose vaginitis, a healthcare provider may conduct the following:
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Pelvic Exam: To examine the vaginal walls and cervix for signs of infection or inflammation.
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Microscopic Examination: A sample of vaginal discharge may be examined under a microscope to identify the presence of bacteria, yeast, or parasites.
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pH Testing: A pH test can help determine whether the vaginal environment has become more alkaline, which is often seen in bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis.
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Cultures or Tests: Sometimes, cultures or other tests are done to identify the specific organism causing the infection.
Treatment
The treatment for vaginitis depends on the underlying cause:
1. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV):
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Antibiotics: Oral or topical antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin are commonly prescribed to treat BV.
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Probiotics: In some cases, doctors may recommend probiotic supplements to help restore the balance of healthy vaginal bacteria.
2. Yeast Infection (Candidiasis):
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Antifungal Medications: Over-the-counter or prescription antifungal creams, suppositories, or oral medications (such as fluconazole) can effectively treat yeast infections.
3. Trichomoniasis:
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Antiparasitic Medication: Oral metronidazole or tinidazole is prescribed to treat trichomoniasis. It’s important to treat sexual partners as well to prevent reinfection.
4. Irritant-Related Vaginitis:
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Avoid Irritants: The key treatment is to stop using products that irritate the vaginal area. Over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams may help soothe irritation.
Prevention-Complications
There are several ways to reduce the risk of developing vaginitis:
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Good Hygiene: Maintain good hygiene by washing the genital area with mild soap and water and avoiding scented soaps or douches.
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Avoid Irritants: Stay away from scented tampons, pads, bubble baths, and other irritants that can cause irritation.
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Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections like trichomoniasis.
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Probiotics: Some studies suggest that consuming probiotics (like yogurt with Lactobacilli) may help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina.
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Wear Breathable Underwear: Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes can help prevent excess moisture buildup, reducing the risk of yeast infections.
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If left untreated, certain types of vaginitis can lead to complications:
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Untreated bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis can increase the risk of developing PID, which can affect fertility.
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Pregnancy Complications: BV and trichomoniasis have been linked to premature birth, low birth weight, and other pregnancy complications.
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Chronic or Recurrent Infections: Some women may experience recurrent yeast infections or BV, requiring repeated treatment.