Acne

Hormonal Changes: Especially during puberty, pregnancy, or menstruation, increased levels of androgens can cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and produce more oil, leading to acne.
Excess Oil Production: Overproduction of sebum can clog pores, leading to acne breakouts.
Bacteria: The bacteria Propionibacterium acnes can grow in clogged pores, causing inflammation.
Dead Skin Cells: When dead skin cells are not shed properly, they can mix with oil and clog hair follicles.
Certain Medications: Drugs containing corticosteroids, androgens, or lithium can cause or exacerbate acne.
Diet: While the connection is not entirely clear, diets high in refined sugars and dairy products have been linked to worsening acne in some people.
Stress: Stress does not directly cause acne, but it can make it worse by increasing oil production.

Blackheads (open comedones): Pores clogged with excess oil and dead skin that stay open.
Whiteheads (closed comedones): Pores clogged with oil and dead skin that close up.
Papules: Small red or pink bumps on the skin.
Pustules: Pimples containing pus.
Nodules: Larger, painful lumps under the skin.
Cysts: Deep, painful, pus-filled lumps that can cause scarring.

Over-the-counter treatments: Products containing benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or sulfur are common first-line treatments.
Topical Retinoids: These are vitamin A derivatives that help unclog pores and reduce inflammation.
Antibiotics: Topical or oral antibiotics can reduce the bacteria that contribute to acne.
Hormonal Treatments: For women, certain birth control pills or anti-androgen medications may help reduce hormonal acne.
Isotretinoin (Accutane): A powerful oral medication used in severe cases of acne.
Professional treatments: Chemical peels, laser therapy, or extraction procedures can be used by dermatologists to treat acne.

Preventing acne involves maintaining a proper skincare routine, managing stress, and potentially making dietary adjustments. It’s also important to avoid picking or popping pimples, as this can lead to scarring or worsening of the condition. If over-the-counter treatments aren’t effective, it’s best to consult with a dermatologist.